Approaching Complex Systems Problems: Carrying Capacity of Earth

The 2019 International Mathematical Modeling Challenge (IMMC) question given to pre-college students involved estimating the Earth’s carrying capacity for human life. It proved beyond the capacity of students to address adequately. This is not surprising, as the interdependence of limiting factors means that the necessary model equations are both non-linear and simultaneous, meaning simulation methods are essential for solution. This chapter develops sample models which demonstrate methodologically how the problem could be approached. Illustrative model structure and equations are presented, to provide insights into the approach needed, which for the problem as given would involve additional components. Implications for widening modeling opportunities are discussed.