Interlude: ‘Hierarchy’ in the Nineteenth-Century Spencerian Lamarckism/neoLamarckism and Its Transfer

I analyze the role of the cluster of concepts related to hierarchy within diverse Spencerian Lamarckism and neo-Lamarckism frames, e.g., part–whole and nested relations; regulation, control, and constraint; complexification; relations among levels; continua; emergence. Though some aspects of this cluster are already discussed in the Lamarck and Spencer chapters, I elucidate the impact of their transfer in fields dealing with ‘the mental,’ as in the work of Hughlings Jackson and Ribot, and then Freud.