Usability Verification of Virtual-Reality Simulators for Maritime Education and Training

The shortage of seafarers in the maritime industry persists until fully autonomous maritime transportation is achieved. To address this challenge, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge delivery in maritime education and training (MET) is crucial. Currently, MET relies on expensive scale maritime ship-bridge simulators to provide immersive training experiences for apprentices. While effective, these simulators come with high costs and safety concerns. Lower-cost alternatives are needed, and virtual-reality simulators (VRS) are considered viable options. This study investigates the usability of VRS in MET through qualitative experiments involving bachelor students in nautical science and experienced seafarers. The suitability of VRS is evaluated in comparison to traditional scale maritime ship-bridge simulators. By exploring the potential of VRS, this research aims to address the need for cost-effective solutions in MET, particularly in less developed countries and institutions with limited resources.