Biotechnological Approaches in Remediation of Arsenic from Soil and Water

Arsenic contamination in soil and water poses significant environmental and health risks. This chapter explores biotechnological approaches for arsenic remediation. It begins by discussing arsenic-induced carcinogenesis and the role of oncogenomics in understanding its molecular mechanisms with epidemiology of arsenic contamination on community health. The focus then shifts to eco-friendly mitigation methods, particularly arsenic bioremediation, which utilises bacteria to reduce arsenic levels. The text discusses the mechanisms of arsenic uptake by bacteria, including bioaccumulation, genes and the oxidation, reduction, and methylation processes involved in arsenic detoxification. Factors influencing bioremediation effectiveness, such as pH, temperature, and nutrient availability are also discussed, along with in situ and ex situ techniques. Bacterial biosorption is given special attention, exploring the role of bacterial polysaccharides and their potential for enhanced arsenic capture. This chapter investigates the use of bacterial polysaccharide nanomaterials in biosorption and elucidates the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in this process. Adsorption isotherm models are also discussed, aiding in the understanding of arsenic sorption behaviour and the design of effective biosorption systems. Exploring the potential of genetically modified bacterial biosorbents for improved arsenic removal is highlighted including recent advancements. The findings underscore the potential of biological processes, particularly bacterial biosorption, in addressing arsenic contamination. The insights presented here contribute to a better understanding of the field and offer guidance for future research and the development of sustainable and effective arsenic remediation strategies.