Tics/Stereotypies

Tics are very common in school-aged children. This chapter explores the spectrum of tics, which can encompass simple, brief movements to complex and longer routines, and can be either motor or vocal in nature. Tics can migrate, vary in frequency, and mimic other movement disorders such as myoclonus and dystonia. This in-depth discussion also includes stereotypies, highlighting their nuanced differentiation from complex motor tics. Diagnostically, while imaging and laboratory testing are seldom required, those cases involving acute onset or other neurological deficits may require deeper investigations. Treatment paradigms, taken into consideration severity, impact, and individual patient factors, can range from non-pharmacologic interventions to pharmacological treatments, and occasionally, more invasive options such as deep brain stimulation. The chapter presents a comprehensive approach to guide the clinician through diagnosis, management, and treatment of tics and related disorders.