Hydrogenation from Renewable Energy Sources for Developing a Carbon-Free Society: Methods, Real Cases, and Standards

Renewable energy sources (RES) such as hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal heat reservoirs are good choices for hydrogenation via seawater electrolysis, biological and thermochemical processes. Meanwhile, surplus electrical power products of RES can either be stored by the energy storage technologies or used for generating hydrogen. Hence, this chapter first assesses the status quo, challenges, and outlook of hydrogen production. Then, it provides a comprehensive review on hydrogenation methods from RES. The systematic requirement of these methods, as well as advantages and limitations of each process, are presented. Afterward, some applications of hydrogen in energy systems are introduced. Practical hydrogen storage technologies and GH2 transportation issues are also discussed. International standards and codes associated with green hydrogen are introduced, focusing on aims, scopes, and key technical and environmental restrictions. Finally, the conclusion section will be presented.