Review of Biomass and Biopolymers Synthesized in Ecuador

This bibliographic review identified the biopolymers extracted from biomass sources in Ecuador, used as raw material to synthesize high-value petrochemical products, such as bioplastics. In addition, this study investigated the synthesis methodology of bioplastics studied in research centers within the country. Biomass, a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances, represents a promising source for the extraction of biopolymers. The study focused on three generations of biomass: permanent and transitory crops (first generation), agricultural and forestry residues (second generation), and algae (third generation). In addition, biomass consumption in various industrial sectors is analyzed, identifying opportunities to produce biopolymers from the waste generated. Biomass collection and biopolymer synthesis in Ecuador present significant economic and environmental opportunities by diversifying the supply chain and reducing dependence on non-renewable resources. Despite research into biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, alginate, carrageenan, lactic acid, and polyols, which are fundamental to the synthesis of bioplastics, industrial-scale production has not yet been achieved. To make the most of these opportunities, it is crucial to establish incentives, regulations, and educational programs on recycling. In addition, it is essential to create biomass storage and sorting management systems, thus facilitating the extraction of biopolymers and the synthesis of bioplastics on an industrial scale. This could position Ecuador as a leader in sustainable innovation. In addition, close collaboration between industries and research centers is essential. Therefore, this paper represents an updated field view and suggests directions for future research in Ecuador.