Microplastics: An Emerging Environmental Issue—Its Bioremediation, Challenges, and a Future Perspective

Microplastics are less than 5 mm in diameter, composed of various chemical constituents, and come from numerous sources. Because of wide use and irrational disposal of plastics, microplastics have become a major environmental problem on a global scale. Increasing level of microplastics in the ecosystem is causing undesirable impacts on the terrestrial and marine ecosystem. Therefore, the application of a novel methodology to remove microplastics from the environment has become essential. Bioremediation is regarded as an eco-friendly and greener remediation method among some commonly used ones for microplastics. Numerous biotic and abiotic variables frequently have an impact on the bioremediation of plastics. It is essential to understand the key pathways that living things use in order to use plastic fragments as their only source of carbon for development and growth. In this context, the authors have discussed the different sources of microplastics, the effect of microplastics on ecosystem, and the role of microbes in biodegradation of microplastics present in the environment. Additionally, this chapter advances knowledge of how microplastics behave in ecosystems and offers a theoretical framework for more accurate evaluation of the ecological and environmental risks associated with microplastics, as well as their opportunities, challenges, and prospective research directions.