Biological Markers of Therapeutic Response in Prostate Cancer

The remarkable variability in clinical behaviour of prostate cancer necessitates an individualized approach to therapy. The reliance on conventional clinicopathological variables, including prostate-specific antigen, has proven insufficient in addressing the complexities of this oncopathology. As a result, a significant number of novel, promising biomarkers have been developed and are now being utilized in all domains of prostate cancer management. The utilization of OncotypeDx, Decipher and Ki-67 has the potential to improve the process of decision-making for patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, including both curative and adjuvant therapy. The integration of combination therapy has engendered a significant shift in a therapeutic paradigm of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer underpinning the need for new biomarkers including TP53, RB1 and PTEN aberrations, along with SPOP mutation and molecular subtypes of prostate cancer as possible candidates. The use of liquid biopsies and next-generation sequencing techniques has a promising role in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The validation and improvement of existing biomarkers, the development of innovative and more accurate biomarkers, with the integration of clinical and multi-omics data have the potential to provide considerable advancements in the field of precision oncology of prostate cancer.