Responsible leadership has emerged as a critical paradigm for navigating the complex economic, social, and ethical challenges facing contemporary organizations. Moving beyond traditional dyadic leader–follower models, responsible leadership is conceptualized as an ethical, relational, and strategic approach enacted across a diverse network of stakeholders. This chapter synthesizes foundational theories—including stakeholder theory, neoinstitutional theory, authentic leadership, CSR, agency theory, behavioral complexity, and economic theory—to articulate the evolution and behavioral dimensions of responsible leadership. Empirical research highlights two complementary orientations: instrumental leadership, which emphasizes strategic decision-making and shareholder value, and integrative leadership, which prioritizes inclusivity, accountability, and long-term societal welfare. The review identifies key antecedents such as moral identity, empathy, mindfulness, and contextual factors, while outlining consequences for employee behavior, stakeholder trust, organizational resilience, and sustainable value creation. Future research directions emphasize paradoxical thinking, longitudinal and multilevel methods, broader stakeholder perspectives, and deeper exploration of mediating mechanisms across organizational levels.