The Negative Voting Dataset: 2020–2022
摘要
Through a set of CAWI surveys fielded in the context of the latest elections in Canada, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the United States, held between 2020 and 2022, we retrieve data on negative voting covering presidential, semi-presidential, Westminster parliamentary and proportional parliamentary systems. Our results show that negative voting is present across all elections, but with significant variation across the different countries.