Concluding Remarks: Navigating in Uncharted Seas and Skies—Normative (without) Power

This chapter concludes the book by providing general remarks regarding what has been presented so far, both in terms of theory and of practice. Most importantly, this chapter showcases why the EU, although it acted exactly as expected in the analytical framework unfolded in Chapter 3 , failed to appear as a normative power in the case of climate change towards the international organizations responsible for transport. It also underpins the paradox of the supranational EU level performing normative power internally rather externally. The chapter concludes by presenting the past, the present and the possibilities of the future in the attempt of the EU as a whole to influence the other actors to adopt more climate-friendly policies and highlights the limited impact that the EU will have in combating climate change if it is the only actor globally implementing strict climate rules.