Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Sex Differences in Social Behavior. It’s Complicated!

In numerous mammalian species, the neuropeptides oxytocin (Oxt) and vasopressin (Avp) are known to be involved in the neural regulation of various aspects of social behaviors in both males and females. With receptors expressed across brain regions that help to process social information and contextualize that information based on emotional state and memory, these systems are critical for social functioning. From individual personality, coping style, and memory to small and large group interactions, the Oxt and Avp systems are involved. This review will consider the structure and function of these systems and how they contribute to behaviors necessary for individual success, such as aggression and affiliation. What is known about sex differences in these systems and recent work in the field will be highlighted. Lastly, possible directions for future research will be explored.