Multilevel Edge Computing System for Autonomous Vehicles

Edge computing (EC) has emerged as a solution to address the limitations of cloud computing in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). EC provides resources at the user end in a decentralized manner, enabling faster response times compared to cloud-based processing (Muthanna et al., Information, 12:76, 2021). This allows for real-time analytics and knowledge generation closer to the data source, potentially leveraging resources like laptops, smartphones, tablets, and sensors that may not be continuously connected to the network. However, as a distributed extension of cloud computing, EC inherits some of its challenges, particularly regarding security and privacy (Chaaf et al., Secur Commun Netw, 2021:1–20, 2021). The involvement of multiple fog service providers, some of which may not be fully trusted, introduces potential vulnerabilities for compromised devices. Consequently, EC servers face various security and privacy threats that require careful consideration (Rafiq et al., IEEE Sensors J, 21(22):25489–25507, 2021).