Endosulfan

Endosulfan used as insecticides threatens human health and a wide spectrum of aquatic and terrestrial species, according to comprehensive research. With two isomeric configurations as α and β-endosulfan has a significant degree of persistence in several environmental compartments, such as the atmosphere, sediments, and water, among other relevant compartments. Endosulfan has been well acknowledged for its adverse impact on human health and has been empirically shown to cause deleterious effects on a diverse array of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. In order to reduce health concerns from endosulfan-contaminated aquatic creatures and water, US Environmental Protection Agency established the ambient water criteria as 74 μg/L. There are several research-based evidences claiming respiratory difficulties, gastrointestinal discomfort such nausea and vomiting along with neurological and developmental abnormalities as a function of endosulfan exposure in humans. Endosulfan is hazardous to aquatic life, bees, and birds as well. Water and soil contamination due to the substance’s long-term persistence and bioaccumulation across the food chain may harm higher trophic levels. India produced and used 4500 metric tonnes of endosulfan between 1920 and 2012. This chapter deals with this organochlorine pesticide describing its status of usage nationally and at global level with its adverse effects on human and environmental health and various regulations that have been posed for environmentally sound management of this harmful chemical.