Climate Change, Water Variability, and Cooperation Along Transboundary River Basins in Perspective of Indus Water Treaty

Rivers do not follow political borders while flowing through their natural courses. Transboundary rivers can be the cause of water conflict between nations. Treaties and agreements have been made to settle these conflicts. In the Indian sub-continent, western rivers are becoming a matter of concern for Pakistan in terms of water quantity. Various dams are constructed by India on western rivers and many more are under construction/planned. In this research work, a comparison has been made between the viewpoints of both countries regarding transboundary interventions. India’s point of view is that variations in river flows and water shortages in Pakistan are because of her own negligence. India is doing nothing to violate the Indus water treaty and is utilizing the water allocated to her on western rivers. According to Pakistan, India is stealing water supplies from Pakistan and constructing its water-controlling structures only as a political exercise to improve political power. Maintenance of transboundary aquifers and groundwater management, transboundary cooperation in watershed management and integrated water resources management can lead to sustainable development between both countries. The outcomes of this work will provide information related to transboundary conflicts, treaties, and future concerns to the researchers and policymakers.