Ladas Super Formula: Origin and Evolution with AI

The original Ladas Super Formula 1.0 included parts of the Hoffer Q, the Holladay 1, and the SRK/T formulas, with Wang-Koch axial length adjustment in long eyes. The use of multiple formulas was shown to lead to better outcomes by selecting the most accurate formula for a particular eye. The Ladas Super Formula 2.0 was developed on the 1.0 framework and integrates artificial intelligence supervised learning to predict the refractive error, based on three input variables: axial length, corneal power, and anterior chamber depth. The formula undergoes continuous adjustments as data from large datasets are available. The published clinical results are reported.