Introduction

There has been no real change in racism, sexism, classism, and other “isms” despite changes in some laws and policies and the mandatory antibias or diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) trainings since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The only noticeable change was blatant “isms” became subtle. Extensive review of literature from 2008 to 2023 indicate that instructional medium for multicultural counseling textbooks and DEI trainings was conceptual learning without providing tools for participants to transfer conceptual understanding to action. None of the studies and DEI training programs provided how to access unconscious bias or did not distinguish the difference between unconscious and conscious even the training program titled as unconscious bias training. This chapter discusses barriers to implement conceptual understanding of justice and equity and the need for paradigm shifts in thinking (from binary to holistic) and learning (conceptual to transformative). It also emphasizes that awareness does not change behavior due to the neurobiology of automaticity. Contribution of intersectionality approach in revealing complexities of a real person is celebrated with the reminder that the intersectional approach alone does not activate affective processing which is essential to heal from generational perpetuation of injustice and inequity.