Regenerative Therapy of Ankle and Foot and Related Joints, Ligaments and Tendons

Foot and ankle pain is common and can be debilitating. Orthobiologic injection therapy is a strategy that can offer significant relief for many conditions. A clear understanding of functional biomechanics and treatment of the function unit structures is important to success of orthobiologic treatment. This chapter discusses anatomy, pathophysiology, physical exam, the use of fluoroscopy and ultrasound (US) guidance, platelet rich plasma (PRP), Bone Marrow Concentrate (BMAC)s, Micronized or microfragmented adipose grafts (MFAT), interventional techniques, such as intraosseous injections, hydrodissection of nerves, procedural complications and pertinent data will be discussed. Regulatory considerations are noted and summarized.