Resource Utilization of Copper Slag with a Focus on Impoverishment and Reduction: A Review

Copper slagCopper slag, as one of the significant global bulk solid wastesWaste, has increasingly become a key factor restricting the green development of the copperCopper industry. It contains valuable elements such as copperCopper, ironIron, leadLead, and zinc, with copperCopper and ironIron grades surpassing those of corresponding industrial minerals. The research on the resource utilizationUtilization of copper slagCopper slag has continuously evolved, and there have been significant achievements in extracting different valuable components from copper slagCopper slag. With the growing environmental awareness, the concept of low-carbon and energy-saving has gradually infiltrated the processing technologyTechnology of copper slagCopper slag. This article focuses on the comprehensive review of the direct application of hot-state copper slagCopper slag processesProcess, presenting research achievements in the past 20 years regarding the depletion and reduction of copperCopper from slagSlag. Additionally, future research directions for copper slagCopper slag are proposed, providing a theoretical foundation for the resource utilizationUtilization and greening of copper slagCopper slag.