Evaluation of the Effect of Urban Heat Island on Local Climatic Zones by Using Remote Sensing and Statistical Analysis in Khartoum Sudan

Because of urbanization affects climate change, it now has a significant impact on our towns. It has a negative impact on the environment, generating air and water pollution as well as land degradation. It also adds to urban heat island (UHI), which is the temperature difference between metropolitan regions and their rural surroundings. This work aims to model and anticipate the variations in land surface temperature (LST) between urban and rural locations, and how these variations relate to surface properties. As a result, an LST map and a categorization map for local climate zones (LCZ) were created using satellite pictures. The areas are divided into categories by the physical and thermal characteristics of a surface using the LCZ standard climate-based classification system. With the help of a dataset and other freely accessible GIS data, a GIS-based LCZ classification method was used to create the LCZ map. The results show that highly urbanized areas showed the highest LST, and water, wastewater, and urban areas had the lowest LST. Statistical and geographical analyses were employed to investigate the autocorrelation between LST and LCZ. In the polynomial curve fitting analysis, the urban index (UI) and modification of normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were selected as the top predictors of the distribution of land surface temperatures. Regression analysis was used to determine the predicted LST for 2032, which was computed as follows: 43.93, 39.18, and 32.77, for LCZ 10, LCZ 5, and LCZ E, respectively. The anticipated levels for 2032 were higher than the simulated values for 2016 based on the LST values.