Surgical Anatomy of Kidneys and Adrenals

A precise knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the kidney and adrenals is fundamental to successfully perform minimally invasive surgery while minimizing risks of conversion to open surgery. The following chapters covers the pertinent anatomic spaces, surgical planes, relationship with surrounding organs, vascular and anatomical knowledge to provide surgeons with a detailed but straightforward summary. While modal vascular anatomy is present in 70% of the patients, vascular variations are frequent. The following chapter provides a detailed description of frequent vascular variations, as well as congenital malformations, with visual illustration created from 3-D reconstruction of images obtained from computed tomography scanner.