Overview of Some Production Routes for Hydroxyapatite and Its Applications

It is well-known that boneBone is one of the most commonly replaced organs worldwide after a blood transfusion and therefore, the developmentDevelopment of different strategies is necessary for treating bone defectsBone defects. Based on this concept, boneBone surgical problems have been solved. Thanks to biomaterialsBiomaterial, which involve calcium phosphatesCalcium phosphate/silicatesSilicate, porous metalsPorous metal, bioactive glassesBioactive glasses, glass–ceramicsGlass–ceramics, and synthetic polymersSynthetic polymers. Notably, hydroxyapatite (HAHydroxyapatite (HA)) is one of the calcium phosphateCalcium phosphate family, which possesses marvelous ability to integrate with hardHard tissues without triggering foreign body reactionsReaction and consequently, save patients from the possible undesirable complications. It is meaningful to mention that in spite of the attractive applicationsApplications of HAHydroxyapatite (HA) in medicineMedicines, it has other important applicationsApplications in many fields like agricultureAgriculture, chemistry, and the environmentEnvironment. This chapter briefly discusses the different bone grafting materialsBone grafting materials, and their defectsDefects, 3D bioprinting3D bioprinting of scaffoldsScaffold, the definition and types of biomaterialsBiomaterial, host responses to biomaterialsBiomaterial, different methods for producing HAHydroxyapatite (HA), and the different propertiesProperties and applicationsApplications of HAHydroxyapatite (HA). Noteworthy, one can say that the preparation of HAHydroxyapatite (HA) with certain characteristicsCharacteristics is very complicated due to the potential production of toxic intermediary phasesPhase that may occur during the synthesis process. Meanwhile, further investigations and descriptions of the HAHydroxyapatite (HA) structureStructure and fictionalization could be achieved with molecular modelingMolecular modeling at different levels.