Hybrid Simulations

A Fuzzy Cognitive Map can serve to externalize the mental model of an individual or group. However, mental models do not directly communicate, in the same way as two brains lying on a table cannot interact. While FCMs can be quickly developed, they cannot capture how processes differ over space or across time. These limitations can be addressed either through extensions (Chap.  6 ) or by combining FCMs with other techniques. In this chapter, we focus on hybrid simulations, which involve combining FCMs with other simulation techniques such as cellular automata, complex networks, or agent-based models (ABMs). Hybrid ABM/FCM simulations are our focal point, as they have received the most attention in the literature. We explain how they can be used to simulate interactions between individuals, provide time estimates, and account for spatial differences. We provide a five-step process to build such models and exemplify it on a case study, supported with Python code. This chapter equips readers with fundamental simulation concepts, exemplifies practical applications that motivate ABM/FCM simulations, and provides a reusable process to create such simulations.