Transmission Losses Due to Surface Reflections in Deep Water for Multipath Model

There are several factors which introduces transmission losses in deep water such as: surface reflections; surface ducts; bottom bounce; convergence zones; deep sound channel; reliable acoustic path; and ambient noise. Hence, it is crucial to model the acoustic channel characteristics and evaluate the effect of transmission losses by considering aforementioned factors inorder to employ the network for specific application. This study primarily aims to estimate the transmission losses caused by surface reflections in deep water environments using a multipath acoustic channel model. The simulation is conducted, considering the impact of absorption, sound speed, temperature, and salinity. The depth of the network scenario is varied to analyze the effects of these factors on the transmission losses. It is evident from simulation results, the acoustic velocity increased by 250 m/s when the depth varies from 100 m to 7000 m and temperature decreased from 30 ℃ to 4 ℃. Similarly, when the salinity increased from 30 ppt to 35 ppt, the acoustic velocity has been increased by 7.14% in deep water. An increase in transmission loss of 5 dB has been attained when the wind speed (W) increased from 4 m/s to 12.5 m/s. Similarly, the transmission losses are increased by 8 dB when the angle of incidence (Theta) increased from 20° to 30°.