Investigating the Quantum Properties of Nucleons from a Wave View

According to the quantum wave modelQuantum wave model, elementary particlesElementary particles are excitation wavesWave of the vacuumVacuum, which can be sub-divided into two types. The first type of elementary particlesElementary particles includes photonsPhoton, electronsElectron, other leptonsLepton, and gauge bosonsBoson; they have no internal sub-component and can travel freely through space. QuarksQuarks are elementary particlesElementary particles of the second type. They are bound particlesBound particle and cannot travel freely through space. The first type is driven by the long-range forceLong-range force, i.e., electromagnetic forceForces; the second type is driven by short-range forcesShort-range forces, including the strong interaction and the weak interaction. HadronsHadrons, including protonsProton and neutronsNeutron, are not elementary particlesElementary particles. Instead, they are composite particlesComposite particles made up of quarksQuarks. One can think of the atomic nucleusAtomic nucleus as one large composite particleComposite particles. The energy–momentum relationEnergy-momentum relation for a composite particleComposite particles is similar to that of a free particleFree particle.