Routes of Interest to Produce Sustainable Biofuels from the Promotion of H2 and CO2—An Alternative for the Transport Sector

Combining hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce sustainable biofuels seems to be an important alternative for the decarbonization of the transport sector, which is highly dependent on fossil fuels and, consequently, has significant CO2 emissions. Currently, much of the world's hydrogen production comes from steam reforming (SMR) of natural gas. However, interest in the production of hydrogen from a renewable source has grown and leveraged the improvement of technologies, such as water electrolysis and biomass gasification. Carbon capture, sequestration, use and storage (CCUS) technologies, in addition to limiting the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, also contribute to the use of CO2 as a raw material in the production of fuels. CO2 can be captured from the exhaust gases of conventional power plants or non-energy sectors, as well as captured directly from the air (DAC). In this sense, this article describes some possibilities to produce sustainable biofuels (biokerosene, biohydrogen and biomethane) from a technological platform of thermochemical-electrochemical integration and the Power-to-Liquids (PtL) route. The article also shows an overview of the use of renewable energy in the transport sector, especially in the European Union (EU).