Gynecomastia

As one of the five most frequently performed male aesthetic procedures, gynecomastia surgery is an essential component of a plastic surgeon’s armamentarium. That being said, in order to manage this commonly encountered problem well, a deep appreciation of the anatomy, etiology, and physiology of each patient’s case is paramount. This chapter aimed to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the anatomical and physiological origins underlying various presentations of gynecomastia before delving into the different classification systems. The authors then discuss corresponding noninvasive and invasive surgical approaches to management with surgical pearls based on our group’s experience.