An overview is given on the range of direct and indirect treatment interventions for swallowing problems. The therapist’s role in planning dysphagia interventions, screening, assessment, behavioural treatment and evaluation is elucidated. With emphasis on the multidisciplinary team, tasks and responsibilities of the phoniatrician are described. Basic principles of drug treatment in dysphagia are introduced, addressing pharmacological intervention for swallowing problems in degenerative neurological diseases and medications that potentially affect swallowing function. Botulinum toxin is presented as a treatment option of isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction or upper oesophageal sphincter spasm. Oral, enteral and parenteral nutrition management in dysphagic patients is introduced in two parts. After a short overview on oral, enteral and parenteral nutrition management in dysphagic patients, the refeeding syndrome is described. Challenges in the production of texture-modified food in oropharyngeal dysphagia are presented in detail. Indications for surgical procedures in dysphagia are introduced, addressing specific organ structures, severe aspiration, swallowing disorders after radio-chemotherapy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Indications and contra-indications of PEG and ethical issues are discussed. Tracheal tube management is described with a stepwise approach to rehabilitation of voice and swallowing. Complications of tracheal cannula usage are described. Causes and predictors of dysphagia in non-surgically treated patients with head and neck cancer are introduced, addressing inter alia the toxicity of radiotherapy. The incidence of aspiration and aspiration pneumonia, dysphagia stages according to swallowing phases and the multidisciplinary management of swallowing in this patient group are given. Prognostic aspects are discussed, considering oropharyngeal dysphagia in neurological disorders, after radio-chemotherapy for, or primarily surgically treated, ENT malignancies and other disorders.