Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Facial Ageing

Ageing represents a constellation of interconnected and intertwined internal and external processes resulting in the manifestation of distinct phenotypes. These encompass changes in body composition, metabolic processes, variations in energy consumption and production, along with dysregulation of homeostasis, culminating in an accumulation of unrepaired damage. Facial ageing mirrors this multilayered and multilevel pattern of physiological changes, manifesting as alterations in skin, subcutaneous fat distribution, muscular tone, and bone structure. This interplay is mediated through the same array of processes and mechanisms implicated in systemic ageing, revealing facial ageing as a visible and complex sub-phenotype of the ageing process. In-depth understanding of the network governing ageing, and more specifically facial ageing, can illuminate the pathways to develop strategies mitigating the impact of ageing and improving overall health span. This chapter thus delves into a detailed discussion on facial ageing, aiming to provide an encompassing perspective on the complexities inherent to this fascinating sub-phenotype of the ageing process.