Why Islamists in Turkey Did Not Engage in Armed Struggle: Reflecting on State Capacity, Elite Networks, and Ideological Hybridization

This paper explores the reasons why Islamism in Turkey has not resorted to violence, focusing on the interplay of societal, political, and geopolitical factors. The historical context traces Islamism back to the Ottoman Empire, highlighting the impact of the Tanzimat Reforms and the evolution of the millet system. The unique Turkish context, shaped by non-Arabic speaking Turks and the influential role of Sufi orders, particularly the Naqshbandis, is examined. These orders maintained significant political and economic influence, offering a buffer against the centralizing efforts of the state and preserving traditional social structures. The National Vision Movement, led by Necmettin Erbakan, illustrates the integration of Islamist politics within the multi-party system without resorting to illegal means. The Turkish state’s sanctified position in social memory and the psychological perception of the state as a protector have deterred violent activism. Geopolitically, the Cold War era provided a conducive environment for Islamism to thrive as an anti-Communist force, aligning with state interests. The Iranian Islamic Revolution’s influence is also considered, contrasting the Turkish preference for systemic transformation over violent revolution. Overall, the historical depth, social resources, and strategic choices of Islamism in Turkey have fostered its integration within the political system, steering clear of violence.