Vitreoretinal Endoscopy

Vitreoretinal endoscopy has emerged as a valuable tool in ophthalmic surgery, offering direct visualization of posterior segment structures in challenging cases with significant optical media opacities. While endoscopy overcomes limitations of traditional viewing methods, it presents distinct problems including lack of stereopsis, low image resolution, and orientation challenges. This chapter provides a focused overview of vitreoretinal endoscopy, highlighting its applications in different ophthalmic subspecialties, case selection criteria, limitations, and alternatives. Clinical pearls for skill acquisition and integration into practice are shared, emphasizing its rewarding potential to expand surgical horizons for seemingly inoperable cases.