Stakeholders’ Perspectives and Gender Relations as Indicators of Knowledge Systems: Empirical Evidence from the Philippine Seaweed Industry

Social networks and interactions shape knowledge systems, stakeholder perceptions, and behaviors. The advancement of knowledge systems depends on the nature of social exchanges and the capacity of seaweed industry actors (e.g., farmers) to comprehend and translate their learning into actions. Patron-client system, geographical location, and gender were the key factors that affected access to resources and services, particularly among seaweed farmers. Access was found to be integral for the advancement of knowledge systems because it affects market expansion and mobility and, consequently, access to information, learning opportunities, and financial facilities. Since knowledge acquisition is dependent on social interactions, especially in an industry governed by informal networks, the position of a particular stakeholder group determines the extent to which it can benefit from and influence economic exchanges within and outside of its network. Seaweed farmers remain at the tail end of the value chain because of a lack of access to resources and services, especially those that would help expand their network relations. A strategic expansion of social networks would contribute greatly to the advancement of knowledge systems and adoption of sustainable farming practices as long as stakeholders are provided with access to capacity-building activities that match their needs and aspirations. Stakeholder perceptions and insights provide essential information about the current knowledge base in the seaweed industry and should be utilized, together with scientific knowledge, in the formulation of guidelines, policies, and procedures aimed at fostering sustainable growth of the seaweed industry.