Solid State Surface Transfer Doping of Diamond: Advanced Photoemission Characterisation

Despite being a bona-fide bulk insulator, diamond develops an intriguing two-dimensional (2D) p-typeP-type surface conductivitySurface conductivity when its surface is terminated by hydrogen and exposed to appropriate surface adsorbate layer such as atmospheric water as a result of the surface transfer dopingSurface transfer doping process. Consequently, surface transfer doping of diamond presents a versatile platform for exploiting some of the extraordinary electrical and electronic properties of diamond by circumventing the fundamental challenges associated with the bulk substitutional doping of diamond, giving rise to a myriad of applications from high-power and high-frequency field effect transistors (FETs) to novel quantum devices. In this chapter, we reviewed the history and discussed the principles of solid-state surface transfer doping of diamond, placing a particular focus on the use of synchrotron-based advanced photoemission spectroscopyPhotoemission spectroscopy to understand the surface transfer doping process by different solid-state surface acceptorsSurface acceptors and its effects on interfacial electronic structures.