Geopolitics of the Middle East

The Middle East, spanning from Libya in the west to Iran in the east, and from Turkey in the north to Yemen in the south, has long been a focal point for powerful political actors throughout history. Its strategic location as a crossroads of trade routes has increased its status as one of the world’s most significant regions. In the past century, the discovery of oil in the region and its subsequent dominance as a global energy source have further heightened the region’s importance. This chapter analyzes key geopolitical aspects and trends, shedding light on the recent rise of China’s influence in the Middle East. It also explores two crucial natural resources: oil and water. While the former is abundant, and the latter is scarce, both resources exert great influence on regional and international politics. Additionally, the chapter examines territorial and boundary-related conflicts within the unique context of the Middle East’s human and cultural landscape. The chapter also outlines the potential consequences of ongoing global warming developments. Finally, it places the current geopolitical landscape within a broader historical context.