Metabolic regulation and signaling are central to bacterial physiology, enabling microorganisms to adapt to fluctuating environments, coordinate cellular processes, and interact with hosts and other microbes. Unlike the relatively linear metabolic pathways often depicted in textbooks, bacterial metabolism is governed by complex networks of feedback loops, posttranslational modifications, and signal transduction systems. This chapter explores the versatile mechanisms by which bacteria regulate their metabolic activities and respond to internal and external signals, drawing on recent discoveries that span molecular biology, structural biochemistry, and microbial ecology.