Biotechnological Strategies to Simultaneous Capture of CO2 and Conversion of H2S into Valuable Bioproducts in Oil Reservoirs

The desulfurization of natural gas and effluents from the exploitation of fossil fuels represents an expensive challenge for the oil and gas industry. Additionally, there is a clear global convergence regarding environmental concerns and climate change mitigation, especially regarding actions for CO2 sequestration and sustainability. This chapter addresses possible microbiological means for the simultaneous detoxification of H2S and CO2 capture. Among the main actors carrying out these valuable functions are anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, microorganisms capable of using H2S as electron acceptors to capture CO2 during photosynthesis. Finally, some approaches to the use of these organisms are presented, as well as the application of consortia to carry out these two functions. Although current efforts are focused on the use of microalgae for detoxification and pollutant removal processes, the biotechnology of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria has the potential to solve some of the environmental problems that modern industry and societies face. There is a clear need for further studies and investments in this field in order to develop technologies for the treatment of large volumes of fluids containing H2S and the simultaneous capture of CO2.