Modalities and Methods of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
摘要
This section presents the principal modalities used for intraoperative neuromonitoring, including electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), electroneurography, and evoked potentials (EPs). In addition, it describes the techniques of functional topographic mapping, reflex testing, and cranial and spinal nerve as well as autonomic nervous system monitoring.