Studies on the Biogenic Amines Produced During Fermentation, Toxicity, and Techniques in Cereal Based Fermented Foods

Recent developments in food security and quality have prompted a greater search for trace substances that can affect human health and health agencies worldwide. Food poisoning has become more common as a result of our modern lifestyle and market globalization. Foodborne sickness and food poisoning can be caused by a variety of organisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, mould, pollutants, and so on), and certain cases of food poisoning can be traced back to chemical and natural toxins. The biogenic amine is one of the toxic compounds addressed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). These Biogenic amines are natural amines and anti-nutritional factors, constitute a potential public health concern due to their toxicological effects. Their concentrations typically rise when food is subjected to regulated or uncontrolled microbial fermentation or when food deteriorates. The consumption of foods containing high concentrations of biogenic amines has been associated with health hazards. Cereal grains constitute a major source of dietary nutrients all over the world. Cereal grains are an important source of healthy nutrients all around the world. Although cereals are deficient in some basic components (e.g. essential aminoacids), fermentation may be the most simple and economical way of improving their nutritional value, sensory properties, and functional qualities. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are usually considered to be non-toxic and non-pathogenic but some LAB species, however, can generate biogenic amines, although the levels are below the of toxicity limit. Biogenic amines are found in a wide variety of cereal-based fermented foods (rice, wheat, corn, cereals, soya bean, etc.), and biogenic amine formation is regulated by various factors related to the raw material used to make food products, microbes, processing, and storage conditions. Biogenic amines are also essential markers of food quality and/or acceptance. These biogenic amines can be quantified using analytical methods that are mostly based on chromatographic procedures. Hence, biogenic amines must be monitored in food to maintain the standard of quality of food and safety. This review will highlight the importance of biogenic amines in cereal foods.