The pervasive presence of hazardous material raises environmental and public health concerns across the world. Heavy metals associated with wastewater treatment plant sludge are considered to be one of the most principal causes of harmful environmental and health consequences. However, it has been reported that the determination of total components does not provide a precise assessment of the upcoming environmental impact. In addition to this, the environmental as well as health problems associated with wastewater treatment plants are not only restricted to solid waste but also linked to pollutant emissions (both liquid and gaseous) that might negatively affect urban air quality. Universally, the primary approaches of sludge management include landfill disposal and incineration. The landfilling technique is one of the major sources of groundwater contamination and demands plenty of landfill space. While the leftover residues after incineration and gaseous air pollutants released into the atmosphere is responsible for environmental degradation. A large number of microbes are concentrated in sludge and the conventional method of wastewater treatment do not completely destroy such microbes. Hence, composting (a thermophilic aerobic decomposition) of the sludge should be subjected before the land application. The temperature at which the heat is generated for composting is the ideal proliferation criteria for thermophilic microorganism including actinomycetes and Aspergillus fumigatus. Thus, the compost workers not only exposed to the enteric pathogens present in sludge but also to the thermophilic fungi, spores, and actinomycetes. Additionally, fungus like A. flavus produces aflatoxin, which is among the potent human carcinogens. The hydrocarbon compounds released from the volatilization of the oily sludge are also primary risk factors to the workers or receptors. A wide range of microbial and chemical pollutants, including thermo-tolerant coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Helminth eggs, and heavy metals like cadmium, copper, iron, lead, chromium, and zinc are also associated with several infections.