Cyanobacterial Bioactive Compounds: Synthesis, Extraction, and Applications

Cyanobacteria, as ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes, have garnered attention due to their ability to produce an array of biologically active metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, pigments, cyclic peptides, phenols, lipids, and vitamins. The diverse morphological, physiological, and genetic traits of cyanobacteria contribute to the synthesis of these compounds, which possess promising medicinal properties, excellent abilities for bioremediation, and potential to be used as nutraceuticals, biofertilizers, cosmetics, nanomaterials, and biofuels. This chapter provides a deeper insight into the extraction techniques employed to obtain these bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria, encompassing both traditional and innovative methods. Furthermore, the synthesis pathways and genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria are explored, focusing on enhancing the quality and quantity of bioactive compounds through genetic engineering approaches. The applications of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds are extensive, with a particular emphasis on their utilization in drug discovery and development. The potential therapeutic uses, such as antiviral, anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-HIV, and food additives, are discussed, showcasing the established roles of cyanobacterial compounds in various fields. Additionally, the chapter highlights the emerging trends in the application of cyanobacterial compounds in nanobiotechnology, with a focus on their incorporation into nanoconjugates and nanomaterials for advanced drug delivery systems and biomedical applications. This comprehensive chapter provides valuable insights into the synthesis, extraction, and applications of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds, contributing to the growing body of knowledge in the field of natural product research and pharmaceutical development.