The Five Levels of Representing Knowledge

Knowledge representation can occur at different levels; according to Brachman, there are five of them: the implementation level, where knowledge is encoded by a computer (e.g., via a programming language); the logical level, where knowledge is represented via logical formalism; the epistemological level, which provides language primitives that connect logical knowledge representation with the conceptual level (e.g., knowledge representation with ontologies); and, finally, the linguistic level, where knowledge is represented via natural language. We briefly introduce these five levels with examples.