Operational Amplifiers and Their Applications

In this chapter, operational amplifiers (OAs) and their applications are treated. Firstly, practical and ideal OAs are expressed. Two models for the OAs are given. Some basic circuits based on ideal OAs are treated. These fundamental circuits are inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, integrator, differentiator, antilogarithmic amplifier, logarithmic amplifier, squarer, square rooter, adder, subtractor, first-order high-pass filter, first-order low-pass filter, proportional integral derivative controller, etc. Some limitations of the OA-based circuits with several examples are given. A number of lossy and lossless grounded simulated inductors are given. Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers based on the OAs are discussed. In addition, Wien oscillators are given. Afterward, first-order all-pass filter and second-order filters are illustrated in detail. Slew rate limitations with numerous examples are given. Full-power bandwidth is defined.