Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Black Cumin (Elwendia persica (Boiss.) Pimenov & Kljuykov)

Elwendia persica synonymously called Bunium persicum and commonly known as black cumin is an aromatic plant with small white flowers and schizocarp fruits containing brown seeds. This plant is native to South-eastern Europe and Central Asia. This plant has a rich history of traditional medicinal and culinary use, primarily due to the beneficial properties found in its seeds. The seeds of E. persica are known for their essential oils and phenolic compounds, which contribute to their distinct flavor and potential health benefits. Traditionally, E. persica has been used to alleviate digestive disorders, improve respiratory health, and boost immune function. In addition, scientific studies have explored its potential as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agent. Several chemical constituents found in black cumin, such as cuminaldehyde, γ-terpinene-7-al, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene, have demonstrated significant pharmacological effects that include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the essential oil derived from E. persica has shown the potential in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. This chapter provides an overview of the taxonomy of the plant, its chemical composition, major phytochemicals, and their biological activities based on different scientific reports. It also discusses the various uses of E. persica, ranging from traditional to modern pharmacological applications.