Modeling Counters

Counters are a special case of finite state machines because they move linearly through their discrete states (either forward or backward) and typically are implemented with state-encoded outputs. Due to this simplified structure and widespread use in digital systems, Verilog allows counters to be modeled using a single procedural block with arithmetic operators (i.e., + and −). This enables a more compact model and allows much wider counters to be implemented in a practical manner. This chapter will cover some of the most common techniques for modeling counters.