Challenges and Steps Toward Implementing 3D Cadastral Database—Physical Data Model of LADM

The management and storage of 3D cadastral data presents significant challenges due to the complexity of the data and the need for effective storing, manipulating, retrieving, managing, querying, and analysing data. The current version of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is limited to a conceptual model and lacks specific guidelines for practical implementation, leading to challenges in converting it into a physical model within production systems. In addition, LADM requires specialised expertise for comprehensive understanding and implementation, hindering its user-friendliness. In addition, the literature in this field paid less attention to the principles and fundamentals of designing a 3D cadastral database. In order to address this knowledge gap, this research aims to investigate design steps for a 3D cadastral database based on LADM as well as challenges associated with the design process. The paper reviews the conceptual model of LADM and investigates converting this conceptual model to a logical model by identifying code lists as multivalued attributes, defining integrity constraints, and considering normalization. Additionally, challenges associated with designing physical models, such as defining different data types are discussed. The current study signified the importance of a well-defined database schema and proposed initial steps to achieve a robust and comprehensive 3D cadastral database. The result is based on an ongoing research project on developing a 3D cadastral database.