This chapter reviews the key contributions to the development of scientific knowledge about Bolivian mammals, as well as the current and future state of mammalogy in Bolivia. The foundations of Bolivian mammalogy were established over the course of 500 years, starting with the Spanish Conquest and the arrival of missionaries and chroniclers, and continuing through the end of the twentieth century. Initially, it was primarily foreign researchers studying the diverse Bolivian mammalian fauna, but, by the second half of the twentieth century, Bolivians began to dominate the field. Although Bolivia’s mammal collections house only a small fraction of global specimens, they play an important role in the generation of knowledge. The number of known mammalian species in Bolivia has increased from 277 in 1985 to 406 in 2019, with an average of four new species discovered per year. As one of the world’s megadiverse countries, Bolivia has seen a significant rise in publications and a diversification of research areas. The creation of the Red Boliviana de Mastozoología in 2005 has fostered collaboration and information exchange, advancing mammalogy in the country.