The Theory of Epistemic Anomalies in the Principles of Diversity and Unity of Knowing and Science: Organizational Characteristic-Signal Analytics

In this chapter deals with the theory of epistemic anomalies in the organization of knowing and information-knowledge production, where such anomalies are introduced, defined, and explicated for understanding in theories and applications over all areas of knowing under characteristic-signal analytics within the epistemic field supported by the relational and information fields. These anomalies in knowing and information-knowledge developments are explained to arise within the space of imagination-reality dualities contained in the space of actual-potential dualities as we journey between the space of imaginations and the space of realities through thinking and reasoning connecting the knowledge by acquaintance to knowledge by description with the use of an organic paradigm of thought and micro-paradigms of thought. Some anomalies are paradigm derived, some are observationally derived, some are intentionally derived, and some are unintentionally derived. The space of imagination-reality dualities, the space of imaginations and the space of realities are then discussed in relation to the conceptual links to phenomena of possibility and probability which give rise to the spaces of possible world, impossible world and possible-world-impossible world dualities and then linked to the anomalies. From the space of imaginations, we discuss the concepts, meanings and roles of creativity, curiosity, hope and courage in relation to the space of cost-benefit analysis within the space of identification-transformation dualities. Using fuzzy paradigm of thought, conditions of optimality are derived for hope and despair under dualistic-polar structures, where in general the phenomena of thinking and reasoning are shown as actions to balance forces within opposites and polarities to abstract the best cost-benefit varieties in human endeavor relative to some elements in the space of goals, objectives, and visions. Directly and indirectly, the forces between opposites generate the space of problem-solution dualities under the principles of opposites in all social space. The chapter presents the needed foundations for further algebraic analytics to make explicit the rise and nature of various anomalies in relevant spaces within the epistemic field.