Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Modules: Manufacturing and Performance

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules offer promise as an ultralow-cost, high-performing renewable energy source due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), low materials cost, diverse deposition routes (e.g., vapor phase, solution-processable fabrication), and potential use in tandem configurations, due to their bandgap tunability. PSCs potentially have additional nontraditional applications given their compatibility with flexible substrates. However, commercializing metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar modules for large-scale mass manufacturing while maintaining high performance is proving to be challenging. These challenges include developing processes to deposit high-quality, large-area films, scribe and interconnect cells, and package large-format modules, all without significant performance loss. In addition, there also exist metrology challenges; current methods to measure PSC efficiency are slow and require specialized equipment such as continuous solar simulators. Upscaling of production will require faster methods to monitor the quality and performance of the modules during production. This chapter focuses on recent research efforts for large-area perovskite solar modules. We include published reports on cell-to-module advancements, manufacturing progress and challenges, and performance characterization for large-area modules to advance the commercialization of MHP solar modules.