A Review on Multi-phase Underwater Near-Field Plume Behaviour: Integral Models, Oil Droplet Size Distribution, Cross-Flow Effects

This paper focuses on two types of integral models commonly used for the analysis of near-field plumes in a complex underwater environment. The two most commonly used integral models for the study of plumes, the Eulerian and Lagrangian models, are summarised. A separate discussion is presented to address the shortcomings of the integral models in that they do not take into account the size distribution of the oil particles and the effect of cross-flow. The results are summarised in order to provide a reference for further research on underwater oil and gas leakage.